Reflux (Acid, Non-Acid, Mixed Types) in Neonates & How It May Also Apply to Adults

A study was published this month in the journal Pediatric Research which described reflux characteristics in neonates, but the findings can certainly be applied to adults as well.

What I found gratifying about this study was not so much that reflux was evaluated, but what measurements obtained by 24 hour pH-impedance were taken which apply just as much to adults as neonates. Just exactly what was measured and what did the study find (at least in neonates suspected of having reflux)?

• Only 54% of reflux events was associated with symptoms

• Defined by physical characteristics of reflux events:

• 51.3% were liquid
• 29.1% were gas
• 19.6% were mixed

• Defined by chemical characteristics of the reflux events:

• 48.5% were acidic
• 51.5% were non-acidic

• Defined by how high the reflux traveled away from the stomach:

• 79.2% reached the throat/mouth level
• 20.8% stayed in the chest level

Although these findings are specific for neonates, adults experience similar problems, though precise numbers are probably different and need more study.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux is when reflux reaches the throat level. Depending on the chemical characteristics of the reflux (acid vs non-acid as well as how high it goes), the symptoms may be quite variable. NON-acid reflux is considered "silent" and patients may not experience any symptoms of heartburn. Rather, common symptoms include:

• Phlegmy throat
• Chronic cough
• Swollen sensation in the throat (globus)
• Chronic throat-clearing

These results point out another issue... Common medications used to treat reflux (zantac, pepcid, nexium, prilosec, prevacid, etc) only treats ACID reflux. Not NON-acid reflux.

As such, other modalities must be pursued to address symptomatic non-acid reflux beyond medications involving lifestyle changes including diet as well as surgery.

Whether it be babies or adults, characterization of the spatial-temporal-physical-chemical nature of reflux events as defined by pH-impedance methods offers the best chance of evaluating and treating symptoms due to reflux.

Or in more simplistic terms...

NOT ALL REFLUX IS ACID!!!

NOT ALL REFLUX CAUSES HEARTBURN!!!

Reference:
Significance of gastroesophageal refluxate in relation to physical, chemical, and spatiotemporal characteristics in symptomatic intensive care unit neonates. Pediatr Res. 2011 Aug;70(2):192-8.

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New Video on Esophageal Manometry and 24 Hour Multi-Channel pH and Impedance Testing

Our office has created a new video describing what a patient goes through when they undergo esophageal manometry as well as 24 hour multi-channel pH and impedance testing.

This test is often ordered when a patient is suspected to be suffering from reflux, whether acid or non-acid, or is possibly suffering from abnormal muscle activity of the esophagus.

Symptoms that a patient may experience that may lead to such testing include:

- phlegmy throat
- lump sensation in the throat
- chronic throat clearing
- chronic cough
- difficulty swallowing

Watch the video here!

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Why Are You Looking in My Mouth When It's My Ear Hurting?

One June 20, 2011, NPR aired a great story about how a person may not "see" a person getting beat up on the side of a jogging path when they are focused on a task (pursuing another jogger)... even if they pass RIGHT BY THE FIGHT!!!

In fact, only a third of the subjects reported seeing this mock fight when the experiment was conducted at night. Even more surprisingly, broad daylight didn't improve the statistics (only 40% noticed the fight).

Though the situation and circumstances do not exactly correspond, there is a lesson to be learned here that applies to a medical visit.

As an ENT, I often see patients for a very specific complaint...

"My right ear hurts."
"I have a bad cough."

No matter what the complaint, unless it is for a specific task (there is earwax... can you remove it), I most always still do a complete ear, nose, and throat exam no matter the complaint.

Why???

Because often the symptoms are "the jogger" in the example above which is noticed to all exclusion when "the fight" is the more important event that should have been noticed.

Let's go to the examples stated above...

"My right ear hurts."

Though a patient may wonder why the heck I look in the mouth when their ear is the main complaint, it's mainly because there are other things that can cause ear pain... some of it life-threatening.

Tonsil cancer can cause ear pain (without any other symptoms) as well as a base of tongue abscess. Obviously, giving antibiotics to treat the right ear pain totally misses the fact that there was tonsil cancer that got missed or the tongue abscess which requires an emergency trip to the operating room followed by a few days in the intensive care unit.

"I have a bad cough."

This statement is pretty self-explanatory. Why bother looking in the ears??? A loose hair in the ear canal can cause a persistent dry cough. Why look in the nose if the cough is coming from the throat? Severe allergies and nasal polyps can lead to post-nasal drainage leading to a chronic cough. Why would an ENT than ask about my blood pressure medications? Because ACE inhibitors like lisinopril cause a chronic dry cough as a side effect.

The point being with these examples is that medical doctors are trained to not just focus in the exact symptom the patient is complaining of, but the entire picture. It doesn't do the patient any good if a doctor gets tunnel-visioned to the point where they don't notice what may be a very obvious thyroid mass or the large nasal polyp.

SO... next time you see a doctor for a specific complaint, humor us, and answer fully all questions about your medical history, surgical history, medications you are taking, and the physical exam we will perform on you... even if you are there for just a "simple" earache.

Read the NPR story here and the police beating that triggered this inattention experiment.

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What is Considered a Normal Number of Reflux Episodes?

Depending on whether one is talking about GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) or LPR (layrngopharyngeal reflux), I believe the answer is completely different.

As it pertains to GERD and what literature, doctor, or testing equipment is used, 73 plus or minus some change is what is considered a normal number of reflux episodes a typical adult may experience in a 24 hour period of time.

What exactly does this number mean? This number describes how many times stuff in the stomach regurgitates up into the esophagus which is the tube that carries food down to the stomach after food is swallowed.

The reason why heartburn is not initially experienced is because the lining of the esophagus has a protective layer preventing acid damage. However, once the number of reflux episodes goes higher than 80, the protective layer breaks down and acid damage starts to occur leading to typical symptoms of heartburn and/or chest pain.

Now what about laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?

I would argue that even ONE episode is not normal if symptomatic. (Also see references below.)

LPR is when stomach contents regurgitate up to the level of the voicebox. At its most basic limited definition, LPR is a near-vomit (vomit being stomach contents that reach the mouth level and beyond). The only difference between LPR and vomit is the volume of regurgitation and location it reaches.

When such regurgitation reaches the voicebox level, a number of symptoms occur, even if it happens one single time.

First, when LPR occurs, the throat feels phlegmy leading the patient to throat-clear the mucus up and out or to re-swallow.

Second, when enough LPR episodes occur, the mucosal lining of the voicebox region starts to get irritated that may lead to a chronic cough. At its worst, it may lead to vocal cord dysfunction and even laryngospasm. Some episodes may even be aspirated into the lungs leading to bronchitis and reactive airway disease.

Third, the sphincter (upper esophageal sphincter) that separates the esophagus from the voicebox may start to tighten which is the body's way of attempting to prevent further reflux from reaching the voicebox. Such muscle tightening may lead to symptoms of difficulty swallowing with food getting stuck at the voicebox level as well as lump in throat sensation (globus).

Heartburn is not very common with LPR (though it may occur) as one needs to remember that there is a protective barrier preventing acid damage to the mucosal lining.

Also, non-acid reflux may be present rather than acid reflux. With non-acid reflux, heartburn symptoms are not as common due to lack of acid presence that would lead to damage (though other factors are present including bile, enzymes, etc).

Given even a single episode of LPR can be considered abnormal if symptomatic, many studies will come back NORMAL due to timing. A barium swallow typically does not take more than a few minutes to perform done during business hours. Same goes for upper endoscopy. BUT... what if the few episodes of LPR occur in the evening or early morning NOT when the studies are performed?

As such, what I consider the BEST study to evaluate for LPR is a 24 hour multi-channel pH and impedance testing. This test looks for reflux during a continuous 24 hour period of time. If it sees reflux, it records what time, how long it lasts for, how high does the reflux go up, what the pH level is, etc. BRAVO or single or dual-probe pH studies are inadequate as they measure ONLY whether acid GERD is occurring or not. These alternative tests can not evaluate for LPR or non-acid reflux.

BOTTOM LINE

With GERD, up to around 73 episodes of reflux is considered normal.

With LPR, even a single episode can be considered abnormal if symptomatic. Check out references below.

Watch a video I made below showing a patient who is experiencing a non-acid LPR episode during an examination. This patient had a normal upper endoscopy, normal pH study, and normal barium swallow. Look at all the frothy mucus that is bubbling up to and around his voicebox leading to his complaint of phelgmy throat and chronic cough/throat-clearing. Treatment was surgery (nissen fundoplication).

References:

How much pharyngeal exposure is "normal"? Normative data for laryngopharyngeal reflux events using hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII). J Gastrointest Surg. 2012 Jan;16(1):16-24; discussion 24-5. Epub 2011 Oct 28.

Gastroesophageal and laryngopharyngeal reflux detected by 24-hour combined impedance and pH monitoring in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Dig Dis. 2011 Jun;12(3):173-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2011.00502.x.

The importance of the number of reflux episodes in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Feb;148(2):261-6. doi: 10.1177/0194599812466534. Epub 2012 Nov 2.

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Whooping Cough Video by Mayo Clinic

Chronic cough that lasts for months?

Coughing that occurs in groupings to point where vomiting occurs? Loses breath?

You may have whooping cough... Check out this video from the Mayo Clinic.

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The Doctors TV Show Does the Mouth

The Doctors TV actually got something totally right!

Actually there are two segments here... One on the mouth followed by another on what happens when food/liquids go down the wrong way causing a reflexive cough.

Enjoy!

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Dr. Chang Blog Article Re-Published on KevinMD

One of Dr. Chang's blog article on laryngeal sensory neuropathy as a potential cause of chronic cough has been re-published on KevinMD, an internationally recognized medical blog and contributor to MedPageToday.

The original blog article by Dr. Chang can be read here.

The blog article re-published on KevinMD can be read here.

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New Drug Helps Prevent A Cough From Being Contagious

University of Alberta researchers have developed an experimental new drug that may be able to completely eliminate airborne disease transmission due to cough.

The way this drug works is by reducing/eliminating the amount of droplets that is expelled during a cough by changing the properties of the lung fluid. The drug comes in the form of a spray that can be inhaled by a sick patient.

It is conceived that this drug would help stop the spread of pandemic outbreaks as well as protect healthcare professionals from catching whatever an ill coughing patient may have. Furthermore, this drug would not necessarily be disease specific. If there's a cough, it'll work.

Reference:
Effect of artificial mucus properties on the characteristics of airborne bioaerosol droplets generated during simulated coughing. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 2010; DOI: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.07.005

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New Reason for Chronic Cough... Playing the Trombone!

NPR published a story on Sept 8, 2010 regarding a trombone player whose chronic cough for over 15 years was ultimately found to be due to a mold called fusarium as well as mycobacterium (cousin to TB) found growing inside his trombone. Each time he inhaled while playing the trombone, these germs inside his trombone was causing an allergic reaction, which led to hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a severe inflammation of the lungs.

The doctor who figured out the problem went on to investigate other wind/brass instruments of other players and found them all contaminated with germs. His results have been published in the journal Chest.

Though the NPR story was on this particular trombone player (whose cough improved once he started cleaning his instrument regularly), the problem is NOT new...

Here's a report on a saxophone player.

There is also this one company called MaestroMD that claims to help with musical instrument sterilization.

This issue was so concerning in Massachusetts, that a law is being passed to require sterilization of musical instruments in schools! Read more here.

I even wrote a blog article about this problem back in January 7, 2010.

In any case, how does the trombone player featured in the NPR story now clean his instrument? He uses a rod with a cloth and alcohol — rubbing alcohol or isopropyl alcohol which he pours down into his instrument after playing.

References:
Trombone Player's Lung: A Probable New Cause of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Chest. 2010 Sep;138(3):754-6.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Due to Molds in a Saxophone Player. CHEST September 2010 vol. 138 no. 3 724-726.

A microbiological survey into the presence of clnically significant bacteria in the mouthpieces and internal surfaces of woodwind and brass musical instruments.

Horn with nasty microbes.

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Botox for Chronic Cough

There was a new report in the May 2010 issue of Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery that discussed the use of botox to achieve significant improvement, if not cure, in adult patients with a chronic cough due to sensory neuropathy. In this report titled "Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Chronic Cough: A Neuropathic Model", there are 4 case studies that were presented. The results they reported stated that cough relief occurred after a median of 7 injections with a mean dose of 4.0 Units per treatment session for a mean duration of 25.7 months. To watch a video of how the botox is injected into the voicebox to treat chronic cough, click here or watch below (the procedure is the same as that performed for spasmodic dysphonia).

Of note, this is the 2nd report on use of botox for chronic cough, the first was published in 2007 in ENT Journal and was done on kids. Click here to read that report.

I tend to use botox as a last resort when other medical management strategies have failed. Hidden triggers of cough including reflux, allergies, and asthma need to be addressed prior to consideration of botox. Often, I'll give a trial of neuropathic medications if laryngeal sensory neuropathy is suspected.

To read more about chronic cough, click here.

To read the actual report on use of botox to treat chronic cough, click here.

Botox is performed by Dr. Chang every Friday afternoon for spasmodic dysphonia, laryngospasm, as well as chronic cough! We also use botox for migraines, facial wrinkles, and torticollis.

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WP: Anatomy of a Sneeze/Cough

I recently came across this interesting webpage published by the Washington Post describing the biological pathways that results in a sneeze or cough, complete with pictures.

Click here to read more about it.

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Home Remedies Preferred Over Drugs for Kids' Coughs and Colds

In the May 2010 volume of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, researchers at Johns Hopkins published an article entitled "Over-the-counter cough and cold medications in children: Are they helpful?"

The blunt answer is that they do not!

At least before the age of 2 years, one should stick to "home remedies" to address a young child's cough and cold. Such home remedies include humidity, saline spray, and bulb suctioning of the nose. When they are a bit older and coordinated, saline gargles can be added to the regimen.

Read the abstract here.

Read a LA Times article on this here.

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Chronic Cough May Be Due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea!

A new study was published in the April 2010 journal Cough entitled "Chronic cough and obstructive sleep apnea in a community-based pulmonary practice."

Apparently 44% of patients with a chronic mysterious cough were found to have obstructive sleep apnea. In these patients, 93% had cough improvement when the obstructive sleep apnea was corrected!

Read the abstract here.

Of course, there are many other causes of chronic cough including reflux, asthma, allergies, etc. In rare cases, when all else comes back normal, the cough may be due to laryngeal sensory neuropathy.

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New Webpage on Chronic Throat Clearing

We have added a new webpage to our practice website addressing a common complaint of patients called "Chronic Throat Clearing."

Check it out here!

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